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Animal Names Latin to English > Latin
2 Latinienses

Lătĭum, ii, n. [2. lătus; Sanscr. root prath-, to spread or widen; cf. Lat. later, etc.; prop., the plains or flat-land;
by the ancients referred to latēre, because here Saturnus lay concealed from his son,
Ov. F. 1, 238; Verg. A. 8, 322; Arn. 4, 143; Lact. 1, 13;
or to Latinus,
the name of the mythical king, Varr. L. L. 5, § 32 Müll.], a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated, now Campagna di Roma, and a part of the Terra di Lavoro, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 54; Enn. ap. Acro. ad Hor. S. 1, 2, 37 (Ann. v. 455); Cic. Rep. 2, 24, 44; Liv. 6, 21; 8, 13; Hor. C. 1, 12, 53; 1, 35, 10; id. C. S. 66; Mel. 3, 4, 2; consisting of two parts:
Latium vetus,
Tac. A. 4, 5;
or antiquum,
Verg. A. 7, 38; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56; which was the original territory governed by Rome before the subjugation of the Æqui and Volsci, and:
Latium novum, or adjectum,
originally the territory of the Æqui, Volsci, Hernici, and Aurunci, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 59.—
B.
Jus Latii, the political rights and privileges which belonged originally to the Latins, but were afterwards granted by the Romans to other people; this jus comprehended less than civitas Romana, but more than peregrinitas (cf. latinitas and Latini):
eodem anno Caesar nationes Alpium maritimarum in jus Latii transtulit,
Tac. A. 15, 32. —Also called Latium alone: aut majus est Latium aut minus; majus est Latium, cum et hi, qui decuriones leguntur, et ei qui honorem aliquem aut magistratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consecuntur;
minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magistratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam perveniunt,
Gai. Inst. 1, 96; cf.:
Latium externis dilargiri,
Tac. H. 3, 55:
Latio dato,
Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20:
Latio donata oppida,
id. 3, 1, 3, § 7.—
II.
Hence,
A.
Lătĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latian, Latin ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):
agri,
the Latin territory, Ov. F. 2, 553; 3, 606; 5, 91:
gens,
id. ib. 4, 42; id. M. 14, 832:
lingua,
id. P. 2, 3, 75: palmes, vines growing in Latium, id. F. 4, 894:
boves,
Col. 6, 1, 2. — Poet., for Roman:
turba,
the Roman people, Ov. F. 1, 639:
parentes,
id. ib. 3, 243; cf.
matres,
id. ib. 4, 133:
annus,
the Roman year, id. ib. 1, 1:
vulnera,
of Roman soldiers, id. A. A. 1, 414.—
B.
Lătīnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.
1.
Adj.: populi, the Latins, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 28 Müll. (Ann. v. 24 Vahl.); cf.
genus,
the Latins, Romans, Verg. A. 1, 6:
lingua,
the Latin language, Varr. L. L. 5, § 1 Müll.; cf.
opp. Graeca,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
poëtae, opp. Graeci,
id. Ac. 1, 3, 10: via, beginning at the Porta Latina, near the Porta Capena, id. Clu. 59, 163; Liv. 2, 39; 10, 36 al.:
dies,
the days of the Roman calendar, the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 177: feriae, the festival of the allied Latins, which was celebrated especially by offerings to Juppiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15; Liv. 21, 63; 22, 1; more freq. absol.; v. in the foll. 2.: coloniae, which possessed the jus Latii, Cic. Caecin. 33 fin.; Suet. Caes. 8: nomen, Latin citizenship, also called jus Latii and Latinitas, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31; 3, 29, 41; Sall. J. 39, 2 (v. socius): casus, i. e. the ablative, Varr. ap. Diom. p. 277 P.:
tragici veteres,
Quint. 1, 8, 8:
esse illud Latinum (verbum),
Suet. Gram. 22.— Comp.: nihil Latinius legi, M. Aur. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; cf.:
nihil Latinius tuis voluminibus,
Hier. Ep. 58, 9.— Sup.:
homo Latinissimus,
Hier. Ep. 50, 2.— Adv.: Lătīnē, in Latin:
Graece haec vocatur emporos: eadem Latine mercator,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 5; id. Cas. prol. 34:
Cumanis petentibus, ut publice Latine loquerentur, et praeconibus Latine vendendi jus esset,
in the Latin tongue, Liv. 40, 42 fin.:
scire,
to understand Latin, Cic. Caecin. 19, 55:
num Latine scit?
id. Phil. 5, 5, 13:
non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire,
id. Brut. 37, 140:
nescire,
Juv. 6, 188: reddere, to translate into Latin, Cic. de Or, 1, 34, 153; cf.
docere,
Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 9.—In partic.: Latine loqui, to speak with propriety or elegance:
Latine et diligenter loqui,
Cic. Brut. 45, 166; cf.:
ut pure et emendate loquentes, quod est Latine,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 4:
pure et Latine loqui,
id. de Or. 1, 32, 144.—Sometimes, also, like our to talk plain English, for, to speak out, to speak plainly or openly (syn. Romano more loqui):
(gladiator), ut appellant ii, qui plane et Latine loquuntur,
Cic. Phil. 7, 6, 17:
Latine me scitote, non accusatorie loqui,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:
poscere,
Juv. 11, 148:
formare,
to compose in Latin, Suet. Aug. 89: componere, id. Gram. init.—Comp.: Latinius, in better Latin (late Lat.), Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 6; Hier. in Isa. 8, 10.—
2.
Subst.
a.
Lătīni, ōrum, m.
(α).
The inhabitants of Latium, Latins, Liv. 1, 2 sq.; 1, 32 sq.; 2, 19 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; 3, 31, 112; Verg. A. 7, 367; Juv. 6, 44. —
(β).
Those who possessed the Latin rights of citizenship (jus Latii, Latinitas);
freq. in the connection, socii et Latini,
Cic. Balb. 8, 21; id. Sest. 13, 30; id. Lael. 3, 12 (v. socius).—
(γ).
Latini Juniani, freedmen whose liberty was secured by the operation of the lex Junia Norbana (772 A. U. C.), Gai. Inst. 3, § 56.—
b.
Lătīnae, ārum, f. (sc. feriae), the festival of the allied Latins, the Latin holidays, Liv. 5, 17; 19; Cic. Att. 1, 3; id. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2 fin.; id. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18.—
c.
Lătīnum, i, n., Latin, the Latin language:
licet in Latinum illa convertere,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 29:
in Latinum vertore,
Quint. 1, 5, 2.—
C.
Lătīnĭensis, e, adj., Latin:
populi,
Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 69: ager, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 10, 20.— In plur absol.: Lătīnĭenses, ĭum, m., the Latins, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 28, 62.—
D.
Lătĭālis, and euphon. collat. form Lătĭāris, e (also Lătĭar, v. infra), adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.
1.
Form Latialis:
populus,
the Latins, Romans, Ov. M. 15, 481:
sermo,
Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 7:
Juppiter,
Luc. 1, 198;
hence, also, caput,
a statue of Jupiter, id. 1, 535.— Lătĭālĭter, adv., in the Latin manner (post - class.):
peplo circa umeros involuto Latialiter tegebatur,
Mart. Cap. 5 init.:
nihil effari,
id. 6, § 587:
te Latialiter sonantem,
Sid. Carm. 23, 235 (al. Latiariter).—
2.
Form Latiaris: Latiaris sancte Juppiter (Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian deity of the Latin confederacy, to whom the feriae Latinae were consecrated), Cic. Mil. 31, 85:
Juppiter,
Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 43 Sillig. N. cr.:
collis,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.:
doctrina Latiaris,
Macr. S. 1, 2.— Adv.: Lătĭārĭter, v. in the preced. 1.—
b.
Hence, subst.: Lătĭar, āris, n., the festival of Jupiter Latiaris:
confectum erat Latiar,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2; cf. Macr. S. 1, 16, 16.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Latinienses
3 Latinum

Lătĭum, ii, n. [2. lătus; Sanscr. root prath-, to spread or widen; cf. Lat. later, etc.; prop., the plains or flat-land;
by the ancients referred to latēre, because here Saturnus lay concealed from his son,
Ov. F. 1, 238; Verg. A. 8, 322; Arn. 4, 143; Lact. 1, 13;
or to Latinus,
the name of the mythical king, Varr. L. L. 5, § 32 Müll.], a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated, now Campagna di Roma, and a part of the Terra di Lavoro, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 54; Enn. ap. Acro. ad Hor. S. 1, 2, 37 (Ann. v. 455); Cic. Rep. 2, 24, 44; Liv. 6, 21; 8, 13; Hor. C. 1, 12, 53; 1, 35, 10; id. C. S. 66; Mel. 3, 4, 2; consisting of two parts:
Latium vetus,
Tac. A. 4, 5;
or antiquum,
Verg. A. 7, 38; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56; which was the original territory governed by Rome before the subjugation of the Æqui and Volsci, and:
Latium novum, or adjectum,
originally the territory of the Æqui, Volsci, Hernici, and Aurunci, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 59.—
B.
Jus Latii, the political rights and privileges which belonged originally to the Latins, but were afterwards granted by the Romans to other people; this jus comprehended less than civitas Romana, but more than peregrinitas (cf. latinitas and Latini):
eodem anno Caesar nationes Alpium maritimarum in jus Latii transtulit,
Tac. A. 15, 32. —Also called Latium alone: aut majus est Latium aut minus; majus est Latium, cum et hi, qui decuriones leguntur, et ei qui honorem aliquem aut magistratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consecuntur;
minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magistratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam perveniunt,
Gai. Inst. 1, 96; cf.:
Latium externis dilargiri,
Tac. H. 3, 55:
Latio dato,
Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20:
Latio donata oppida,
id. 3, 1, 3, § 7.—
II.
Hence,
A.
Lătĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latian, Latin ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):
agri,
the Latin territory, Ov. F. 2, 553; 3, 606; 5, 91:
gens,
id. ib. 4, 42; id. M. 14, 832:
lingua,
id. P. 2, 3, 75: palmes, vines growing in Latium, id. F. 4, 894:
boves,
Col. 6, 1, 2. — Poet., for Roman:
turba,
the Roman people, Ov. F. 1, 639:
parentes,
id. ib. 3, 243; cf.
matres,
id. ib. 4, 133:
annus,
the Roman year, id. ib. 1, 1:
vulnera,
of Roman soldiers, id. A. A. 1, 414.—
B.
Lătīnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.
1.
Adj.: populi, the Latins, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 28 Müll. (Ann. v. 24 Vahl.); cf.
genus,
the Latins, Romans, Verg. A. 1, 6:
lingua,
the Latin language, Varr. L. L. 5, § 1 Müll.; cf.
opp. Graeca,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
poëtae, opp. Graeci,
id. Ac. 1, 3, 10: via, beginning at the Porta Latina, near the Porta Capena, id. Clu. 59, 163; Liv. 2, 39; 10, 36 al.:
dies,
the days of the Roman calendar, the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 177: feriae, the festival of the allied Latins, which was celebrated especially by offerings to Juppiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15; Liv. 21, 63; 22, 1; more freq. absol.; v. in the foll. 2.: coloniae, which possessed the jus Latii, Cic. Caecin. 33 fin.; Suet. Caes. 8: nomen, Latin citizenship, also called jus Latii and Latinitas, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31; 3, 29, 41; Sall. J. 39, 2 (v. socius): casus, i. e. the ablative, Varr. ap. Diom. p. 277 P.:
tragici veteres,
Quint. 1, 8, 8:
esse illud Latinum (verbum),
Suet. Gram. 22.— Comp.: nihil Latinius legi, M. Aur. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; cf.:
nihil Latinius tuis voluminibus,
Hier. Ep. 58, 9.— Sup.:
homo Latinissimus,
Hier. Ep. 50, 2.— Adv.: Lătīnē, in Latin:
Graece haec vocatur emporos: eadem Latine mercator,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 5; id. Cas. prol. 34:
Cumanis petentibus, ut publice Latine loquerentur, et praeconibus Latine vendendi jus esset,
in the Latin tongue, Liv. 40, 42 fin.:
scire,
to understand Latin, Cic. Caecin. 19, 55:
num Latine scit?
id. Phil. 5, 5, 13:
non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire,
id. Brut. 37, 140:
nescire,
Juv. 6, 188: reddere, to translate into Latin, Cic. de Or, 1, 34, 153; cf.
docere,
Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 9.—In partic.: Latine loqui, to speak with propriety or elegance:
Latine et diligenter loqui,
Cic. Brut. 45, 166; cf.:
ut pure et emendate loquentes, quod est Latine,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 4:
pure et Latine loqui,
id. de Or. 1, 32, 144.—Sometimes, also, like our to talk plain English, for, to speak out, to speak plainly or openly (syn. Romano more loqui):
(gladiator), ut appellant ii, qui plane et Latine loquuntur,
Cic. Phil. 7, 6, 17:
Latine me scitote, non accusatorie loqui,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:
poscere,
Juv. 11, 148:
formare,
to compose in Latin, Suet. Aug. 89: componere, id. Gram. init.—Comp.: Latinius, in better Latin (late Lat.), Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 6; Hier. in Isa. 8, 10.—
2.
Subst.
a.
Lătīni, ōrum, m.
(α).
The inhabitants of Latium, Latins, Liv. 1, 2 sq.; 1, 32 sq.; 2, 19 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; 3, 31, 112; Verg. A. 7, 367; Juv. 6, 44. —
(β).
Those who possessed the Latin rights of citizenship (jus Latii, Latinitas);
freq. in the connection, socii et Latini,
Cic. Balb. 8, 21; id. Sest. 13, 30; id. Lael. 3, 12 (v. socius).—
(γ).
Latini Juniani, freedmen whose liberty was secured by the operation of the lex Junia Norbana (772 A. U. C.), Gai. Inst. 3, § 56.—
b.
Lătīnae, ārum, f. (sc. feriae), the festival of the allied Latins, the Latin holidays, Liv. 5, 17; 19; Cic. Att. 1, 3; id. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2 fin.; id. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18.—
c.
Lătīnum, i, n., Latin, the Latin language:
licet in Latinum illa convertere,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 29:
in Latinum vertore,
Quint. 1, 5, 2.—
C.
Lătīnĭensis, e, adj., Latin:
populi,
Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 69: ager, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 10, 20.— In plur absol.: Lătīnĭenses, ĭum, m., the Latins, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 28, 62.—
D.
Lătĭālis, and euphon. collat. form Lătĭāris, e (also Lătĭar, v. infra), adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.
1.
Form Latialis:
populus,
the Latins, Romans, Ov. M. 15, 481:
sermo,
Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 7:
Juppiter,
Luc. 1, 198;
hence, also, caput,
a statue of Jupiter, id. 1, 535.— Lătĭālĭter, adv., in the Latin manner (post - class.):
peplo circa umeros involuto Latialiter tegebatur,
Mart. Cap. 5 init.:
nihil effari,
id. 6, § 587:
te Latialiter sonantem,
Sid. Carm. 23, 235 (al. Latiariter).—
2.
Form Latiaris: Latiaris sancte Juppiter (Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian deity of the Latin confederacy, to whom the feriae Latinae were consecrated), Cic. Mil. 31, 85:
Juppiter,
Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 43 Sillig. N. cr.:
collis,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.:
doctrina Latiaris,
Macr. S. 1, 2.— Adv.: Lătĭārĭter, v. in the preced. 1.—
b.
Hence, subst.: Lătĭar, āris, n., the festival of Jupiter Latiaris:
confectum erat Latiar,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2; cf. Macr. S. 1, 16, 16.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Latinum
4 Latium

Lătĭum, ii, n. [2. lătus; Sanscr. root prath-, to spread or widen; cf. Lat. later, etc.; prop., the plains or flat-land;
by the ancients referred to latēre, because here Saturnus lay concealed from his son,
Ov. F. 1, 238; Verg. A. 8, 322; Arn. 4, 143; Lact. 1, 13;
or to Latinus,
the name of the mythical king, Varr. L. L. 5, § 32 Müll.], a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated, now Campagna di Roma, and a part of the Terra di Lavoro, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 54; Enn. ap. Acro. ad Hor. S. 1, 2, 37 (Ann. v. 455); Cic. Rep. 2, 24, 44; Liv. 6, 21; 8, 13; Hor. C. 1, 12, 53; 1, 35, 10; id. C. S. 66; Mel. 3, 4, 2; consisting of two parts:
Latium vetus,
Tac. A. 4, 5;
or antiquum,
Verg. A. 7, 38; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56; which was the original territory governed by Rome before the subjugation of the Æqui and Volsci, and:
Latium novum, or adjectum,
originally the territory of the Æqui, Volsci, Hernici, and Aurunci, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 59.—
B.
Jus Latii, the political rights and privileges which belonged originally to the Latins, but were afterwards granted by the Romans to other people; this jus comprehended less than civitas Romana, but more than peregrinitas (cf. latinitas and Latini):
eodem anno Caesar nationes Alpium maritimarum in jus Latii transtulit,
Tac. A. 15, 32. —Also called Latium alone: aut majus est Latium aut minus; majus est Latium, cum et hi, qui decuriones leguntur, et ei qui honorem aliquem aut magistratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consecuntur;
minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magistratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam perveniunt,
Gai. Inst. 1, 96; cf.:
Latium externis dilargiri,
Tac. H. 3, 55:
Latio dato,
Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20:
Latio donata oppida,
id. 3, 1, 3, § 7.—
II.
Hence,
A.
Lătĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latian, Latin ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):
agri,
the Latin territory, Ov. F. 2, 553; 3, 606; 5, 91:
gens,
id. ib. 4, 42; id. M. 14, 832:
lingua,
id. P. 2, 3, 75: palmes, vines growing in Latium, id. F. 4, 894:
boves,
Col. 6, 1, 2. — Poet., for Roman:
turba,
the Roman people, Ov. F. 1, 639:
parentes,
id. ib. 3, 243; cf.
matres,
id. ib. 4, 133:
annus,
the Roman year, id. ib. 1, 1:
vulnera,
of Roman soldiers, id. A. A. 1, 414.—
B.
Lătīnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.
1.
Adj.: populi, the Latins, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 28 Müll. (Ann. v. 24 Vahl.); cf.
genus,
the Latins, Romans, Verg. A. 1, 6:
lingua,
the Latin language, Varr. L. L. 5, § 1 Müll.; cf.
opp. Graeca,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
poëtae, opp. Graeci,
id. Ac. 1, 3, 10: via, beginning at the Porta Latina, near the Porta Capena, id. Clu. 59, 163; Liv. 2, 39; 10, 36 al.:
dies,
the days of the Roman calendar, the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 177: feriae, the festival of the allied Latins, which was celebrated especially by offerings to Juppiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15; Liv. 21, 63; 22, 1; more freq. absol.; v. in the foll. 2.: coloniae, which possessed the jus Latii, Cic. Caecin. 33 fin.; Suet. Caes. 8: nomen, Latin citizenship, also called jus Latii and Latinitas, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31; 3, 29, 41; Sall. J. 39, 2 (v. socius): casus, i. e. the ablative, Varr. ap. Diom. p. 277 P.:
tragici veteres,
Quint. 1, 8, 8:
esse illud Latinum (verbum),
Suet. Gram. 22.— Comp.: nihil Latinius legi, M. Aur. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; cf.:
nihil Latinius tuis voluminibus,
Hier. Ep. 58, 9.— Sup.:
homo Latinissimus,
Hier. Ep. 50, 2.— Adv.: Lătīnē, in Latin:
Graece haec vocatur emporos: eadem Latine mercator,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 5; id. Cas. prol. 34:
Cumanis petentibus, ut publice Latine loquerentur, et praeconibus Latine vendendi jus esset,
in the Latin tongue, Liv. 40, 42 fin.:
scire,
to understand Latin, Cic. Caecin. 19, 55:
num Latine scit?
id. Phil. 5, 5, 13:
non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire,
id. Brut. 37, 140:
nescire,
Juv. 6, 188: reddere, to translate into Latin, Cic. de Or, 1, 34, 153; cf.
docere,
Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 9.—In partic.: Latine loqui, to speak with propriety or elegance:
Latine et diligenter loqui,
Cic. Brut. 45, 166; cf.:
ut pure et emendate loquentes, quod est Latine,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 4:
pure et Latine loqui,
id. de Or. 1, 32, 144.—Sometimes, also, like our to talk plain English, for, to speak out, to speak plainly or openly (syn. Romano more loqui):
(gladiator), ut appellant ii, qui plane et Latine loquuntur,
Cic. Phil. 7, 6, 17:
Latine me scitote, non accusatorie loqui,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:
poscere,
Juv. 11, 148:
formare,
to compose in Latin, Suet. Aug. 89: componere, id. Gram. init.—Comp.: Latinius, in better Latin (late Lat.), Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 6; Hier. in Isa. 8, 10.—
2.
Subst.
a.
Lătīni, ōrum, m.
(α).
The inhabitants of Latium, Latins, Liv. 1, 2 sq.; 1, 32 sq.; 2, 19 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; 3, 31, 112; Verg. A. 7, 367; Juv. 6, 44. —
(β).
Those who possessed the Latin rights of citizenship (jus Latii, Latinitas);
freq. in the connection, socii et Latini,
Cic. Balb. 8, 21; id. Sest. 13, 30; id. Lael. 3, 12 (v. socius).—
(γ).
Latini Juniani, freedmen whose liberty was secured by the operation of the lex Junia Norbana (772 A. U. C.), Gai. Inst. 3, § 56.—
b.
Lătīnae, ārum, f. (sc. feriae), the festival of the allied Latins, the Latin holidays, Liv. 5, 17; 19; Cic. Att. 1, 3; id. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2 fin.; id. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18.—
c.
Lătīnum, i, n., Latin, the Latin language:
licet in Latinum illa convertere,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 29:
in Latinum vertore,
Quint. 1, 5, 2.—
C.
Lătīnĭensis, e, adj., Latin:
populi,
Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 69: ager, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 10, 20.— In plur absol.: Lătīnĭenses, ĭum, m., the Latins, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 28, 62.—
D.
Lătĭālis, and euphon. collat. form Lătĭāris, e (also Lătĭar, v. infra), adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.
1.
Form Latialis:
populus,
the Latins, Romans, Ov. M. 15, 481:
sermo,
Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 7:
Juppiter,
Luc. 1, 198;
hence, also, caput,
a statue of Jupiter, id. 1, 535.— Lătĭālĭter, adv., in the Latin manner (post - class.):
peplo circa umeros involuto Latialiter tegebatur,
Mart. Cap. 5 init.:
nihil effari,
id. 6, § 587:
te Latialiter sonantem,
Sid. Carm. 23, 235 (al. Latiariter).—
2.
Form Latiaris: Latiaris sancte Juppiter (Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian deity of the Latin confederacy, to whom the feriae Latinae were consecrated), Cic. Mil. 31, 85:
Juppiter,
Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 43 Sillig. N. cr.:
collis,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.:
doctrina Latiaris,
Macr. S. 1, 2.— Adv.: Lătĭārĭter, v. in the preced. 1.—
b.
Hence, subst.: Lătĭar, āris, n., the festival of Jupiter Latiaris:
confectum erat Latiar,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2; cf. Macr. S. 1, 16, 16.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Latium
5 Latius

Lătĭum, ii, n. [2. lătus; Sanscr. root prath-, to spread or widen; cf. Lat. later, etc.; prop., the plains or flat-land;
by the ancients referred to latēre, because here Saturnus lay concealed from his son,
Ov. F. 1, 238; Verg. A. 8, 322; Arn. 4, 143; Lact. 1, 13;
or to Latinus,
the name of the mythical king, Varr. L. L. 5, § 32 Müll.], a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated, now Campagna di Roma, and a part of the Terra di Lavoro, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 54; Enn. ap. Acro. ad Hor. S. 1, 2, 37 (Ann. v. 455); Cic. Rep. 2, 24, 44; Liv. 6, 21; 8, 13; Hor. C. 1, 12, 53; 1, 35, 10; id. C. S. 66; Mel. 3, 4, 2; consisting of two parts:
Latium vetus,
Tac. A. 4, 5;
or antiquum,
Verg. A. 7, 38; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56; which was the original territory governed by Rome before the subjugation of the Æqui and Volsci, and:
Latium novum, or adjectum,
originally the territory of the Æqui, Volsci, Hernici, and Aurunci, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 59.—
B.
Jus Latii, the political rights and privileges which belonged originally to the Latins, but were afterwards granted by the Romans to other people; this jus comprehended less than civitas Romana, but more than peregrinitas (cf. latinitas and Latini):
eodem anno Caesar nationes Alpium maritimarum in jus Latii transtulit,
Tac. A. 15, 32. —Also called Latium alone: aut majus est Latium aut minus; majus est Latium, cum et hi, qui decuriones leguntur, et ei qui honorem aliquem aut magistratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consecuntur;
minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magistratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam perveniunt,
Gai. Inst. 1, 96; cf.:
Latium externis dilargiri,
Tac. H. 3, 55:
Latio dato,
Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20:
Latio donata oppida,
id. 3, 1, 3, § 7.—
II.
Hence,
A.
Lătĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latian, Latin ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):
agri,
the Latin territory, Ov. F. 2, 553; 3, 606; 5, 91:
gens,
id. ib. 4, 42; id. M. 14, 832:
lingua,
id. P. 2, 3, 75: palmes, vines growing in Latium, id. F. 4, 894:
boves,
Col. 6, 1, 2. — Poet., for Roman:
turba,
the Roman people, Ov. F. 1, 639:
parentes,
id. ib. 3, 243; cf.
matres,
id. ib. 4, 133:
annus,
the Roman year, id. ib. 1, 1:
vulnera,
of Roman soldiers, id. A. A. 1, 414.—
B.
Lătīnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.
1.
Adj.: populi, the Latins, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 28 Müll. (Ann. v. 24 Vahl.); cf.
genus,
the Latins, Romans, Verg. A. 1, 6:
lingua,
the Latin language, Varr. L. L. 5, § 1 Müll.; cf.
opp. Graeca,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:
poëtae, opp. Graeci,
id. Ac. 1, 3, 10: via, beginning at the Porta Latina, near the Porta Capena, id. Clu. 59, 163; Liv. 2, 39; 10, 36 al.:
dies,
the days of the Roman calendar, the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 177: feriae, the festival of the allied Latins, which was celebrated especially by offerings to Juppiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15; Liv. 21, 63; 22, 1; more freq. absol.; v. in the foll. 2.: coloniae, which possessed the jus Latii, Cic. Caecin. 33 fin.; Suet. Caes. 8: nomen, Latin citizenship, also called jus Latii and Latinitas, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31; 3, 29, 41; Sall. J. 39, 2 (v. socius): casus, i. e. the ablative, Varr. ap. Diom. p. 277 P.:
tragici veteres,
Quint. 1, 8, 8:
esse illud Latinum (verbum),
Suet. Gram. 22.— Comp.: nihil Latinius legi, M. Aur. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; cf.:
nihil Latinius tuis voluminibus,
Hier. Ep. 58, 9.— Sup.:
homo Latinissimus,
Hier. Ep. 50, 2.— Adv.: Lătīnē, in Latin:
Graece haec vocatur emporos: eadem Latine mercator,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 5; id. Cas. prol. 34:
Cumanis petentibus, ut publice Latine loquerentur, et praeconibus Latine vendendi jus esset,
in the Latin tongue, Liv. 40, 42 fin.:
scire,
to understand Latin, Cic. Caecin. 19, 55:
num Latine scit?
id. Phil. 5, 5, 13:
non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire,
id. Brut. 37, 140:
nescire,
Juv. 6, 188: reddere, to translate into Latin, Cic. de Or, 1, 34, 153; cf.
docere,
Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 9.—In partic.: Latine loqui, to speak with propriety or elegance:
Latine et diligenter loqui,
Cic. Brut. 45, 166; cf.:
ut pure et emendate loquentes, quod est Latine,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 4:
pure et Latine loqui,
id. de Or. 1, 32, 144.—Sometimes, also, like our to talk plain English, for, to speak out, to speak plainly or openly (syn. Romano more loqui):
(gladiator), ut appellant ii, qui plane et Latine loquuntur,
Cic. Phil. 7, 6, 17:
Latine me scitote, non accusatorie loqui,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:
poscere,
Juv. 11, 148:
formare,
to compose in Latin, Suet. Aug. 89: componere, id. Gram. init.—Comp.: Latinius, in better Latin (late Lat.), Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 6; Hier. in Isa. 8, 10.—
2.
Subst.
a.
Lătīni, ōrum, m.
(α).
The inhabitants of Latium, Latins, Liv. 1, 2 sq.; 1, 32 sq.; 2, 19 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; 3, 31, 112; Verg. A. 7, 367; Juv. 6, 44. —
(β).
Those who possessed the Latin rights of citizenship (jus Latii, Latinitas);
freq. in the connection, socii et Latini,
Cic. Balb. 8, 21; id. Sest. 13, 30; id. Lael. 3, 12 (v. socius).—
(γ).
Latini Juniani, freedmen whose liberty was secured by the operation of the lex Junia Norbana (772 A. U. C.), Gai. Inst. 3, § 56.—
b.
Lătīnae, ārum, f. (sc. feriae), the festival of the allied Latins, the Latin holidays, Liv. 5, 17; 19; Cic. Att. 1, 3; id. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2 fin.; id. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18.—
c.
Lătīnum, i, n., Latin, the Latin language:
licet in Latinum illa convertere,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 29:
in Latinum vertore,
Quint. 1, 5, 2.—
C.
Lătīnĭensis, e, adj., Latin:
populi,
Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 69: ager, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 10, 20.— In plur absol.: Lătīnĭenses, ĭum, m., the Latins, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 28, 62.—
D.
Lătĭālis, and euphon. collat. form Lătĭāris, e (also Lătĭar, v. infra), adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.
1.
Form Latialis:
populus,
the Latins, Romans, Ov. M. 15, 481:
sermo,
Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 7:
Juppiter,
Luc. 1, 198;
hence, also, caput,
a statue of Jupiter, id. 1, 535.— Lătĭālĭter, adv., in the Latin manner (post - class.):
peplo circa umeros involuto Latialiter tegebatur,
Mart. Cap. 5 init.:
nihil effari,
id. 6, § 587:
te Latialiter sonantem,
Sid. Carm. 23, 235 (al. Latiariter).—
2.
Form Latiaris: Latiaris sancte Juppiter (Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian deity of the Latin confederacy, to whom the feriae Latinae were consecrated), Cic. Mil. 31, 85:
Juppiter,
Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 43 Sillig. N. cr.:
collis,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.:
doctrina Latiaris,
Macr. S. 1, 2.— Adv.: Lătĭārĭter, v. in the preced. 1.—
b.
Hence, subst.: Lătĭar, āris, n., the festival of Jupiter Latiaris:
confectum erat Latiar,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2; cf. Macr. S. 1, 16, 16.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Latius
6 A

1.
A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:
A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:
ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.
II.
The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
III.
In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
A.
Short a is changed,
1.
, into long a —
a.
In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
b.
In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
c.
In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
2.
Short a is changed into é or ē—
a.
Into é.
(α).
Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
(β).
Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
(γ).
In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
b.
Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
3.
Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
(α).
before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
(β).
Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
b.
ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
c.
Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
d.
In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
4.
Short a is changed into short or long o.
a.
Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
b.
Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
5.
Short a is changed into ŭ —
a.
In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
b.
In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
c.
ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
B.
Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
1.
Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
2.
Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
IV.
Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
V.
The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
VI.
Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
B.
ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
1.
The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
2.
In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
3.
ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
4.
The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
5.
Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
VII.
In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
A.
Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
B.
Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
1.
Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. Çµan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
2.
Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
3.
Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
4.
Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
5.
Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
6.
Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
C.
Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
2.
As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;
so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
3.
a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
4.
ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > A
7 a

1.
A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:
A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:
ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.
II.
The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
III.
In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
A.
Short a is changed,
1.
, into long a —
a.
In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
b.
In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
c.
In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
2.
Short a is changed into é or ē—
a.
Into é.
(α).
Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
(β).
Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
(γ).
In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
b.
Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
3.
Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
(α).
before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
(β).
Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
b.
ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
c.
Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
d.
In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
4.
Short a is changed into short or long o.
a.
Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
b.
Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
5.
Short a is changed into ŭ —
a.
In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
b.
In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
c.
ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
B.
Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
1.
Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
2.
Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
IV.
Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
V.
The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
VI.
Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
B.
ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
1.
The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
2.
In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
3.
ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
4.
The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
5.
Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
VII.
In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
A.
Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
B.
Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
1.
Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. Çµan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
2.
Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
3.
Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
4.
Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
5.
Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
6.
Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
C.
Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
2.
As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;
so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
3.
a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
4.
ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > a
8 latinus

[st1]1 [-] Lătīnus, a, um: - [abcl][b]a - du Latium. - [abcl]b - latin.[/b]    - Latinus ager, Plin.: le Latium.    - casus Latinus, Varr.: l'ablatif (cas qui n'existe pas en grec).    - Latinae, ārum, f.(= Latinae feriae): féries latines (fêtes instituées par Tarquin le Superbe, pour unir tous les peuples du Latium).    - (via) Latina: la Voie Latine (de Rome à Casilinum).    - Latini, ōrum, m.: les Latins (les habitants du Latium; les peuples devenus Latins de droit).    - Latinum, i, n.: le latin, la langue latine.    - in Latinum vertere, Quint.: traduire en latin. [st1]2 [-] Lătīnus, i, m.: Latinus (roi mythique de Laurente, qui donna sa fille Lavinia en mariage à Enée).
* * *
[st1]1 [-] Lătīnus, a, um: - [abcl][b]a - du Latium. - [abcl]b - latin.[/b]    - Latinus ager, Plin.: le Latium.    - casus Latinus, Varr.: l'ablatif (cas qui n'existe pas en grec).    - Latinae, ārum, f.(= Latinae feriae): féries latines (fêtes instituées par Tarquin le Superbe, pour unir tous les peuples du Latium).    - (via) Latina: la Voie Latine (de Rome à Casilinum).    - Latini, ōrum, m.: les Latins (les habitants du Latium; les peuples devenus Latins de droit).    - Latinum, i, n.: le latin, la langue latine.    - in Latinum vertere, Quint.: traduire en latin. [st1]2 [-] Lătīnus, i, m.: Latinus (roi mythique de Laurente, qui donna sa fille Lavinia en mariage à Enée).
* * *

    Latinus, pe. prod. Aliud adiectiuum. Virgil. Du pays des Latins, Latin.

\

    Latinae consuetudini tradere. Colum. Traduire en Latin, Rendre et tourner en language que les Latins ont accoustumé.

\

    Latina lingua locupletior Graeca. Cic. Langue Latine.

\

    Vertere in Latinum. Sub. sermonem. Quintil. Traduire, ou tourner en Latin.

Dictionarium latinogallicum > latinus
9 Latīnē

Latīnē adv. [Latinus], in Latin, in the Latin language: publice loqui, L.: scire, understand Latin: reddere, translate into Latin.—In good Latin, properly, elegantly: pure et Latine loqui.— In plain Latin, plainly, openly, outspokenly (cf. Romano more): plane et Latine loqui: poscere, Iu.
* * *

ADV

Latin, in Latin

Latin-English dictionary > Latīnē
10 latium

Latĭum, ĭi, n. [st2]1 [-] le Latium (contrée de l'Italie, entre le Tibre et la Campanie). [st2]2 [-] droit latin, droit latial.    - jus Latii: le droit latin.    - Latium dare: donner le droit latin.
* * *
Latĭum, ĭi, n. [st2]1 [-] le Latium (contrée de l'Italie, entre le Tibre et la Campanie). [st2]2 [-] droit latin, droit latial.    - jus Latii: le droit latin.    - Latium dare: donner le droit latin.
* * *

    Latium. Plin. Celle partie d'Italie où est situee Rome, où se tenoyent les Latins.

Dictionarium latinogallicum > latium
11 latine

Lătīnē, adv. en (bon) latin, correctement.
* * *
Lătīnē, adv. en (bon) latin, correctement.
* * *

    Latine, pen. prod. Aduerbium. En Latin, A la maniere des Latins, Latinement.

\

    Latine, non accusatorie'loqui. Cic. Dire les choses comme elles sont, sans enrichir le compte, sans faire le loup plus grand ou plus petit qu'il n'est.

\

    Plane et Latine loqui. Cic. Parler clerement et ouvertement, Dire les choses comme elles sont, sans rien pallier ou desguiser, sans user d'ambages.

\

    Latine scire. Cic. Estre scavant en Latin, Scavoir parler Latin.

Dictionarium latinogallicum > latine
12 latius

Latĭus, a, um du Latium, latin, romain.    - Latius Jupiter, Ov.: Jupiter Latial.    - jus Latium: le droit latin.
* * *
Latĭus, a, um du Latium, latin, romain.    - Latius Jupiter, Ov.: Jupiter Latial.    - jus Latium: le droit latin.
* * *

    Latius, Adiectiuum. Columel. Latin, Qui est du pays des Latins.

\

    Lingua Latia. Ouid. Langue Latine.

Dictionarium latinogallicum > latius
13 scio

scĭo, īre, scīvi (scĭi), scītum - tr. -    - imparf. scibam, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 34; 2, 4, 89; id. Ps. 1, 5, 84; 1, 5, 86; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 68; id. Phorm. 4, 1, 16; scibas, Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 24; id. Ps. 1, 5, 85; scibat, id. Am. prol. 22; Lucr. 5, 934; scibatis, Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 47; scibant, Lucr. 5, 949; 5, 953; Cat. 68, 85.—Fut. scibo, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 13; id. Most. 4, 3, 5; id. Men. 2, 3, 35; 5, 2, 57; id. Ps. 1, 2, 41; 1, 5, 65; id. Truc. 2, 6, 69; Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 58; id. Ad. 3, 3, 7; 5, 2, 5; id. Hec. 2, 2, 4; scibis, Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 22; id. Ep. 2, 2, 101; 5, 1, 49; id. Mil. 4, 8, 55; id. Ps. 4, 4, 2; id. Poen. 5, 4, 57; id. Pers. 2, 2, 37; id. Rud. 2, 3, 35; Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 35; id. Heaut. 5, 2, 43; scibit, Cato, R. 5, 5; Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 69; 1, 2, 51; id. Mil. 3, 2, 46; Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 38; scibimus, Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 57; scibunt, id. Poen. 2, 16.— Parf. sciit, Sen. Contr. 1, 1, 17.—Passif scibitur, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 5; scin' = scisne, id. Am. 1, 1, 200; 2, 2, 39; 5, 1, 30; id. As. 3, 3, 113; id. Aul. 1, 1, 8 etc.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 47; 3, 1, 47; 4, 6, 6; 4, 7, 30 etc.—Parf. sync. scisti, Ov. A. A. 1, 131; id. F. 4, 527; scirint, Tac. Dial. 33; inf. scisse, Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 58; cf. Quint. 1, 6, 17. [st1]1 [-] savoir, connaître, avoir connaissance de, être informé de, apprendre.    - aliquid ab aliquo scire: savoir qqch de qqn.    - quod cum scibitur, Plaut.: quand cela se saura.    - id de Marcello sciri potest, Cic. Att. 12: c'est ce qu'on peut savoir de Marcellus.    - scires audisse: rubebat, Ov. Am. 1: on aurait cru qu'elle m'avait entendu: elle rougissait (en parl. de l'Aurore).    - omnem rem scio quemadmodum est, Plaut. Bac. 473: je sais toute l'affaire, comme elle est.    - quasi ego quicquam sciam, quod iste nesciat, aut, si quid aliquando scio, non ex isto soleam scire, Cic. Fam. 9, 17, 1: comme si moi, je savais une chose que lui ignore ou que, si d'aventure je sais qqch, ce ne soit pas de lui qu'à l'ordinaire je le sache. --- cf. Cic. Att. 5, 2, 3.    - quod sciam, Cic. Att. 16, 2, 4: autant que je sache !    - ab aliquo omnia scire, Liv. 39, 27, 6: savoir tout de (par) qqn.    - scire + prop. inf.: savoir que. --- Cic. Rep. 1, 46, 5, 3 ; Lael. 6, etc.    - scire + prop. inf.: savoir par soi-même que. --- Cic. Caecil. 67, etc.    - scito: sache que, tu sauras que. --- Cic. Att. 2, 3, 2; 12, 21, 5; Fam. 1, 9, 24: Q. 2, 4, 1, etc.    - scitote, Cic. Verr. 3, 62, etc.: sachez que.    - scire licet [cf. scilicet]: il est clair que. --- Lucr. 2, 930, etc. ; Liv. 1, 39, 3.    - pass. impers. quoad scitum sit... Cic. Sest. 82: jusqu'à ce qu'on ait su que...    - avec interr. ind. Sestium quanti faciam, ipse optime scio, Cic. Fam. 13, 8, 1: combien j'estime Sestius, c'est moi qui le sais le mieux. --- cf. Fam. 1, 30, 46 ; 2, 3, 6 ; Mur. 22, etc.    - ab aliquo scire, quid agatur, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 1: savoir de qqn ce qui se passe. --- cf. Liv. 41, 22, 1.    - expr. elliptique at scin quomodo? Plaut. Amp. 356: sais-tu bien comment tu vas être traité ? sais-tu ce qui t'attend ? --- cf. Aul. 831; Rud. 797.    - scin' quam iracundus siem? Plaut. Bacch.: réalises-tu à quel point je suis irrité?    - absol. cum videbis, tum scies, Plaut. Bac. 145: quand tu le verras, tu le sauras.    - ut scitis, Cic. Lael. 77: comme vous le savez.    - injurato, scio, plus credet mihi quam jurato tibi, Plaut. Amp. 437: il croira plus, je le sais, ma parole sans serment que la tienne avec serment.    - plus quam opus est scito sciet, Ter. Phorrn. 584: il saura plus qu'il n'est besoin qu'il sache. --- cf. Ter. Phorm. 1003.    - populum sollicitum fuisse de P. Sullae morte, antequam certum scierit, Cic. Fam. 9, 10: (je veux que tu saches) qu'on s'est préoccupé de la mort de P. Sylla tant qu'on n'en a pas été sûr.    - si quid bene fecero, nesciet Caesar; aut si scierit, testimonium non reddet, Sen. Pan. 70: si je fais du bien, César ne le saura pas; ou s'il le sait, il ne le reconnaîtra pas.    - te sciente et vidente, Cic. Clu. 129: à ta connaissance et sous tes yeux.    - avec de scire de omnibus, de Sulla, Cic. Sull. 39: avoir connaissance de tous, de Sylla.    - non scire, au lieu de nescire. --- cf. Cic. Or.157; Cic. Flac. 59 ; Caes. BG. 1, 44, 9.    - quoad scitum sit Sestium vivere, Cic. Sest. 38: jusqu'au moment où on apprit que Sestius vivait.    - proinde sciatis licet aut intraturum me urbem aut oppugnaturum, Curt.: par conséquent, tenez-vous pour avertis que, ou bien j'entrerai dans la ville, ou je l'assiégerai.    - licet scire + prop. inf. Liv.: il est facile de comprendre que, il est clair que.    - non Samnites quid sibi faciendum sciebant: les Samnites ne savaient pas ce qu'ils devaient faire.    - haud scio an: voir an. [st1]2 [-] s'apercevoir de, comprendre, avoir conscience de, reconnaître.    - cor dolet, quom scio ut nunc sum atque ut fui, Plaut.: mon coeur se fend quand je pense à ce que je suis et à ce que j'ai été.    - eum vos esse meum servum scitis? Plaut.: vous mettez-vous bien dans la tête qu'il est mon esclave? [st1]3 [-] savoir, posséder (une science, un art, un talent), être instruit dans, être habile à, être capable de, pouvoir.    - vincere scis, Hannibal, Liv. 22: tu sais vaincre, Hannibal.    - scire latine: parler latin, savoir le latin.    - scire tuum nihil est, Pers. 1: ton savoir n'est rien.    - scire omnes linguas, Plaut. Poen. 112: posséder toutes les langues.    - scire litteras, Rep. 5, 5: savoir, connaître ses lettres [lire et écrire].    - ars earum rerum est quae sciuntur, Cic. de Or. 2, 30: la science suppose un objet de connaissance exacte.    - avec inf. aliqua re uti scire, Cic. Rep. 1, 27: savoir se servir de qqch. --- cf. Cic. Br. 184.    - vincere scis, victoria uti nescis, Liv. 22, 51, 4: tu sais vaincre [= tu sais l'art de vaincre], mais tu ne sais pas tirer parti de la victoire.    - scire de bello melius quam... Cic.: en savoir plus sur la guerre que...    - scire de legibus instituendis melius quam... Cic.: être meilleur législateur que...    - scisti uti foro, Plaut.: tu es habile à te faire au monde.
* * *
scĭo, īre, scīvi (scĭi), scītum - tr. -    - imparf. scibam, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 34; 2, 4, 89; id. Ps. 1, 5, 84; 1, 5, 86; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 68; id. Phorm. 4, 1, 16; scibas, Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 24; id. Ps. 1, 5, 85; scibat, id. Am. prol. 22; Lucr. 5, 934; scibatis, Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 47; scibant, Lucr. 5, 949; 5, 953; Cat. 68, 85.—Fut. scibo, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 13; id. Most. 4, 3, 5; id. Men. 2, 3, 35; 5, 2, 57; id. Ps. 1, 2, 41; 1, 5, 65; id. Truc. 2, 6, 69; Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 58; id. Ad. 3, 3, 7; 5, 2, 5; id. Hec. 2, 2, 4; scibis, Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 22; id. Ep. 2, 2, 101; 5, 1, 49; id. Mil. 4, 8, 55; id. Ps. 4, 4, 2; id. Poen. 5, 4, 57; id. Pers. 2, 2, 37; id. Rud. 2, 3, 35; Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 35; id. Heaut. 5, 2, 43; scibit, Cato, R. 5, 5; Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 69; 1, 2, 51; id. Mil. 3, 2, 46; Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 38; scibimus, Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 57; scibunt, id. Poen. 2, 16.— Parf. sciit, Sen. Contr. 1, 1, 17.—Passif scibitur, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 5; scin' = scisne, id. Am. 1, 1, 200; 2, 2, 39; 5, 1, 30; id. As. 3, 3, 113; id. Aul. 1, 1, 8 etc.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 47; 3, 1, 47; 4, 6, 6; 4, 7, 30 etc.—Parf. sync. scisti, Ov. A. A. 1, 131; id. F. 4, 527; scirint, Tac. Dial. 33; inf. scisse, Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 58; cf. Quint. 1, 6, 17. [st1]1 [-] savoir, connaître, avoir connaissance de, être informé de, apprendre.    - aliquid ab aliquo scire: savoir qqch de qqn.    - quod cum scibitur, Plaut.: quand cela se saura.    - id de Marcello sciri potest, Cic. Att. 12: c'est ce qu'on peut savoir de Marcellus.    - scires audisse: rubebat, Ov. Am. 1: on aurait cru qu'elle m'avait entendu: elle rougissait (en parl. de l'Aurore).    - omnem rem scio quemadmodum est, Plaut. Bac. 473: je sais toute l'affaire, comme elle est.    - quasi ego quicquam sciam, quod iste nesciat, aut, si quid aliquando scio, non ex isto soleam scire, Cic. Fam. 9, 17, 1: comme si moi, je savais une chose que lui ignore ou que, si d'aventure je sais qqch, ce ne soit pas de lui qu'à l'ordinaire je le sache. --- cf. Cic. Att. 5, 2, 3.    - quod sciam, Cic. Att. 16, 2, 4: autant que je sache !    - ab aliquo omnia scire, Liv. 39, 27, 6: savoir tout de (par) qqn.    - scire + prop. inf.: savoir que. --- Cic. Rep. 1, 46, 5, 3 ; Lael. 6, etc.    - scire + prop. inf.: savoir par soi-même que. --- Cic. Caecil. 67, etc.    - scito: sache que, tu sauras que. --- Cic. Att. 2, 3, 2; 12, 21, 5; Fam. 1, 9, 24: Q. 2, 4, 1, etc.    - scitote, Cic. Verr. 3, 62, etc.: sachez que.    - scire licet [cf. scilicet]: il est clair que. --- Lucr. 2, 930, etc. ; Liv. 1, 39, 3.    - pass. impers. quoad scitum sit... Cic. Sest. 82: jusqu'à ce qu'on ait su que...    - avec interr. ind. Sestium quanti faciam, ipse optime scio, Cic. Fam. 13, 8, 1: combien j'estime Sestius, c'est moi qui le sais le mieux. --- cf. Fam. 1, 30, 46 ; 2, 3, 6 ; Mur. 22, etc.    - ab aliquo scire, quid agatur, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 1: savoir de qqn ce qui se passe. --- cf. Liv. 41, 22, 1.    - expr. elliptique at scin quomodo? Plaut. Amp. 356: sais-tu bien comment tu vas être traité ? sais-tu ce qui t'attend ? --- cf. Aul. 831; Rud. 797.    - scin' quam iracundus siem? Plaut. Bacch.: réalises-tu à quel point je suis irrité?    - absol. cum videbis, tum scies, Plaut. Bac. 145: quand tu le verras, tu le sauras.    - ut scitis, Cic. Lael. 77: comme vous le savez.    - injurato, scio, plus credet mihi quam jurato tibi, Plaut. Amp. 437: il croira plus, je le sais, ma parole sans serment que la tienne avec serment.    - plus quam opus est scito sciet, Ter. Phorrn. 584: il saura plus qu'il n'est besoin qu'il sache. --- cf. Ter. Phorm. 1003.    - populum sollicitum fuisse de P. Sullae morte, antequam certum scierit, Cic. Fam. 9, 10: (je veux que tu saches) qu'on s'est préoccupé de la mort de P. Sylla tant qu'on n'en a pas été sûr.    - si quid bene fecero, nesciet Caesar; aut si scierit, testimonium non reddet, Sen. Pan. 70: si je fais du bien, César ne le saura pas; ou s'il le sait, il ne le reconnaîtra pas.    - te sciente et vidente, Cic. Clu. 129: à ta connaissance et sous tes yeux.    - avec de scire de omnibus, de Sulla, Cic. Sull. 39: avoir connaissance de tous, de Sylla.    - non scire, au lieu de nescire. --- cf. Cic. Or.157; Cic. Flac. 59 ; Caes. BG. 1, 44, 9.    - quoad scitum sit Sestium vivere, Cic. Sest. 38: jusqu'au moment où on apprit que Sestius vivait.    - proinde sciatis licet aut intraturum me urbem aut oppugnaturum, Curt.: par conséquent, tenez-vous pour avertis que, ou bien j'entrerai dans la ville, ou je l'assiégerai.    - licet scire + prop. inf. Liv.: il est facile de comprendre que, il est clair que.    - non Samnites quid sibi faciendum sciebant: les Samnites ne savaient pas ce qu'ils devaient faire.    - haud scio an: voir an. [st1]2 [-] s'apercevoir de, comprendre, avoir conscience de, reconnaître.    - cor dolet, quom scio ut nunc sum atque ut fui, Plaut.: mon coeur se fend quand je pense à ce que je suis et à ce que j'ai été.    - eum vos esse meum servum scitis? Plaut.: vous mettez-vous bien dans la tête qu'il est mon esclave? [st1]3 [-] savoir, posséder (une science, un art, un talent), être instruit dans, être habile à, être capable de, pouvoir.    - vincere scis, Hannibal, Liv. 22: tu sais vaincre, Hannibal.    - scire latine: parler latin, savoir le latin.    - scire tuum nihil est, Pers. 1: ton savoir n'est rien.    - scire omnes linguas, Plaut. Poen. 112: posséder toutes les langues.    - scire litteras, Rep. 5, 5: savoir, connaître ses lettres [lire et écrire].    - ars earum rerum est quae sciuntur, Cic. de Or. 2, 30: la science suppose un objet de connaissance exacte.    - avec inf. aliqua re uti scire, Cic. Rep. 1, 27: savoir se servir de qqch. --- cf. Cic. Br. 184.    - vincere scis, victoria uti nescis, Liv. 22, 51, 4: tu sais vaincre [= tu sais l'art de vaincre], mais tu ne sais pas tirer parti de la victoire.    - scire de bello melius quam... Cic.: en savoir plus sur la guerre que...    - scire de legibus instituendis melius quam... Cic.: être meilleur législateur que...    - scisti uti foro, Plaut.: tu es habile à te faire au monde.
* * *

    Scio, scis, sciui, scitum, scire. Terent. Scavoir.

\

    Non venerat, quod sciam. Cic. Que je scache.

\

    Scit omnes linguas. Plaut. Il parle touts languages.

\

    Scire fidibus. Terent. Scavoir jouer de la harpe.

\

    Scire Latine vel Graece. Cic. Estre scavant en Latin ou en Grec.

\

    Scibitur, pe. cor. Plautus, Quod quum scibitur, etc. Quand il sera sceu.

Dictionarium latinogallicum > scio
14 Latīnus

Latīnus adj. of Latium, Latin: genus, the Romans, V.: lingua (opp. Graeca): (fabulae), in Latin, T.: litterae, S.: nomen, Latin citizenship, C., S.: res, O.—As subst n.: in Latinum illa convertere, the Latin language.
* * *

Latina, Latinum ADJ

Latin

Latin-English dictionary > Latīnus
15 M

M, m, the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet (J not being distinguished from I in the class. period), corresponds in form and sound to the Greek M; the Latin language, however, does not combine an initial m with n, as in the Greek mna, mnêma, mnion, mnoos, etc.; hence, the Greek mna became Latin mĭna. The Latin language, unlike the Greek, tolerated a final m; but its sound was obscure, Prisc. p. 555 P. (cf. Quint. 12, 10, 31), and before an initial vowel, even in prose, was scarcely heard (hence Verrius Flaccus proposed to represent it by an M half obliterated, thus, N). In poetry, the vowel also immediately preceding the m was elided, Quint. 9, 4, 40; 11, 3, 34; 109; Diom. p. 488 P.; Prisc. p. 555 sq. ib.; Val. Prob. 1392; 1440 ib. To this rejection of the m at the end of words before vowels are owing the forms attinge, dice, ostende, facie, recipie, for attingam, dicam, ostendam, faciam, recipiam; v. the letter E; and the forms donec for donicum, coëo, coërceo for com-eo, com-erceo; circueo, circuitus, for circum-eo, circum-itus; veneo for venum eo; vendo for venum do; animadverto for animum adverto, etc.— M is substituted for p or b before a nasal suffix, as som-nus, cf. sopor, sopio; scamnum, cf. scabellum; Samnium for Sabinium; summus, cf. sub, super. Often also for n before a labial, as impello for inpello; cf. rumpo, root rup-; lambo, root lab-, with fundo, root fud-, etc.— M corresponds with the m of all Indo-European tongues, like Gr. m; cf. simul, hama; me, me; mel, meli; magnus, megas; but in inflections final m corresponds with Gr. n, as navem, naun; musarum, mousôn; sim, eiên, etc.— M is interchanged most freq. with n; so eundem, eandem, quendam, quorundam, tantundem, from eum, eam, quem, quorum, tantum; and, on the other hand, im is written for in before labials and m: imbellis, imbibo, imbuo; impar, impedio, imprimo, immanis, immergo, immuto, etc. Thus also m regularly stands for the final n of neuters borrowed from the Greek. A collat. form of Nilus, Melo, for Neilos, is mentioned in Paul. ex Fest. p. 7; 18 and 129 Müll.—The Latin m also interchanges with Gr. b: mel-ior, bel-tiôn; mortuus (Sanscr. mrita), brotos (v. for full details, Corss. Ausspr. 1, pp. 263 sqq.).As an abbreviation, M. denotes most freq. the prænomen Marcus, and less freq. magister, monumentum, municipium; v. the Index Notar. in Inscr. Orell. 2, p. 464 sq. M' denotes the prænomen Manius.As a numeral, M, standing for CIC, denotes the number 1000.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > M
16 m

M, m, the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet (J not being distinguished from I in the class. period), corresponds in form and sound to the Greek M; the Latin language, however, does not combine an initial m with n, as in the Greek mna, mnêma, mnion, mnoos, etc.; hence, the Greek mna became Latin mĭna. The Latin language, unlike the Greek, tolerated a final m; but its sound was obscure, Prisc. p. 555 P. (cf. Quint. 12, 10, 31), and before an initial vowel, even in prose, was scarcely heard (hence Verrius Flaccus proposed to represent it by an M half obliterated, thus, N). In poetry, the vowel also immediately preceding the m was elided, Quint. 9, 4, 40; 11, 3, 34; 109; Diom. p. 488 P.; Prisc. p. 555 sq. ib.; Val. Prob. 1392; 1440 ib. To this rejection of the m at the end of words before vowels are owing the forms attinge, dice, ostende, facie, recipie, for attingam, dicam, ostendam, faciam, recipiam; v. the letter E; and the forms donec for donicum, coëo, coërceo for com-eo, com-erceo; circueo, circuitus, for circum-eo, circum-itus; veneo for venum eo; vendo for venum do; animadverto for animum adverto, etc.— M is substituted for p or b before a nasal suffix, as som-nus, cf. sopor, sopio; scamnum, cf. scabellum; Samnium for Sabinium; summus, cf. sub, super. Often also for n before a labial, as impello for inpello; cf. rumpo, root rup-; lambo, root lab-, with fundo, root fud-, etc.— M corresponds with the m of all Indo-European tongues, like Gr. m; cf. simul, hama; me, me; mel, meli; magnus, megas; but in inflections final m corresponds with Gr. n, as navem, naun; musarum, mousôn; sim, eiên, etc.— M is interchanged most freq. with n; so eundem, eandem, quendam, quorundam, tantundem, from eum, eam, quem, quorum, tantum; and, on the other hand, im is written for in before labials and m: imbellis, imbibo, imbuo; impar, impedio, imprimo, immanis, immergo, immuto, etc. Thus also m regularly stands for the final n of neuters borrowed from the Greek. A collat. form of Nilus, Melo, for Neilos, is mentioned in Paul. ex Fest. p. 7; 18 and 129 Müll.—The Latin m also interchanges with Gr. b: mel-ior, bel-tiôn; mortuus (Sanscr. mrita), brotos (v. for full details, Corss. Ausspr. 1, pp. 263 sqq.).As an abbreviation, M. denotes most freq. the prænomen Marcus, and less freq. magister, monumentum, municipium; v. the Index Notar. in Inscr. Orell. 2, p. 464 sq. M' denotes the prænomen Manius.As a numeral, M, standing for CIC, denotes the number 1000.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > m
17 ab

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:
AF VOBEIS,
Inscr. Orell. 3114;
AF MVRO,
ib. 6601;
AF CAPVA,
ib. 3308;
AF SOLO,
ib. 589;
AF LYCO,
ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):
abs chorago,
Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):
abs quivis,
Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:
abs terra,
Cato, R. R. 51;
and in compounds: aps-cessero,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;
and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,
id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).
I.
In space, and,
II.
Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.
I.
Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):
Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,
Caes. B. G. 1, 7:
fuga ab urbe turpissima,
Cic. Att. 7, 21:
ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,
Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:
illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,
all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:
venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,
Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.
b.
Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:
oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:
quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,
Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:
ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,
Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:
protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,
id. ib. 1, 25, 2:
profecti a domo,
Liv. 40, 33, 2;
of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:
classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,
Liv. 8, 22, 6;
of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,
Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:
legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,
id. 24, 40, 2.
c.
Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):
Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:
libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,
Cic. Fl. 20, 47:
Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,
id. Att. 7, 24:
cum a vobis discessero,
id. Sen. 22:
multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,
Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:
so a fratre,
id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:
a Pontio,
Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:
ab ea,
Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.
B.
Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.
1.
Of separation:
ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,
Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:
abesse a domo paulisper maluit,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:
tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,
Sall. C. 40, 5:
absint lacerti ab stabulis,
Verg. G. 4, 14.—
2.
Of distance:
quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,
Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:
nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,
id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:
hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:
terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,
Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:
non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,
Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):
cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,
Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:
qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,
Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:
quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,
Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:
procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:
tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,
Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;
v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:
tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,
id. Pis. 11, 26; and:
tam prope ab domo detineri,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:
onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,
eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:
duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,
id. 37, 38, 5). —
3.
To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:
picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,
Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:
pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,
on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:
non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,
at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:
erat a septentrionibus collis,
on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).
II.
Fig.
A.
In time.
1.
From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:
Exul ab octava Marius bibit,
Juv. 1,40:
mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,
immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:
Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,
Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:
ab hac contione legati missi sunt,
immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:
ab eo magistratu,
after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:
a summa spe novissima exspectabat,
after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:
ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,
Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:
confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,
Liv. 30, 36, 1:
statim a funere,
Suet. Caes. 85;
and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,
id. ib. 60:
protinus ab adoptione,
Vell. 2, 104, 3:
Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,
soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—
Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,
i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:
secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,
i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.
2.
With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:
ab hora tertia bibebatur,
from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:
infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,
since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:
vixit ab omni aeternitate,
from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:
cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,
Nep. Att. 5, 3:
in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,
after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:
centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,
since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:
cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,
id. Sen. 6, 19; and:
ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,
since, Sall. C. 47, 2:
diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,
Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:
quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,
since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:
jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,
from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:
ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,
Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:
cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:
a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,
Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:
pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,
from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.
b.
Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:
qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,
from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:
mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,
a pueritia,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:
jam inde ab adulescentia,
Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:
ab adulescentia,
Cic. Rep. 2, 1:
jam a prima adulescentia,
id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:
ab ineunte adulescentia,
id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.
followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:
a primis temporibus aetatis,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:
a teneris unguiculis,
from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:
usque a toga pura,
id. Att. 7, 8, 5:
jam inde ab incunabulis,
Liv. 4, 36, 5:
a prima lanugine,
Suet. Oth. 12:
viridi ab aevo,
Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;
rarely of animals: ab infantia,
Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:
qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,
a pausillo puero,
id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:
a puero,
Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:
a pueris,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:
ab adulescente,
id. Quint. 3, 12:
ab infante,
Col. 1, 8, 2:
a parva virgine,
Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:
a parvis,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:
a parvulo,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:
ab parvulis,
Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:
ab tenero,
Col. 5, 6, 20;
and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.
B.
In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.
1.
In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):
suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:
qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:
hic ab artificio suo non recessit,
id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:
quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:
condicionem quam ab te peto,
id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:
mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:
si quid ab illo acceperis,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:
quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:
ab defensione desistere,
Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:
ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,
id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:
ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,
Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):
qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,
the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:
tu nunc eris alter ab illo,
next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:
Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,
next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:
quid hoc ab illo differt,
from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:
hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,
id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:
discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,
id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):
quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7:
alieno a te animo fuit,
id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):
subdole ab re consulit,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:
haut est ab re aucupis,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:
non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,
Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).
2.
In partic.
a.
To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:
a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,
Cic. Lael. 1, 1:
ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,
id. ib. 1, 3:
disputata ab eo,
id. ib. 1, 4 al.:
illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,
id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:
ita generati a natura sumus,
id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:
pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,
Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:
niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:
quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,
is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:
salvebis a meo Cicerone,
i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:
a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,
i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:
ne vir ab hoste cadat,
Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):
levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,
Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:
a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,
id. Off. 2, 6, 19:
si calor est a sole,
id. N. D. 2, 52:
ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),
id. Att. 16, 7, 5:
metu poenae a Romanis,
Liv. 32, 23, 9:
bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,
id. 3, 22, 2:
ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,
id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:
lassus ab equo indomito,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:
Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,
Prop. 5, 1, 126:
tempus a nostris triste malis,
time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:
vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?
by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,
ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),
Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:
si postulatur a populo,
if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:
deseror conjuge,
Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;
and in prose,
Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:
ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,
Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:
(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.
b.
With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:
pastores a Pergamide,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:
Turnus ab Aricia,
Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):
obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,
Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.
c.
In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:
(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,
id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)
d.
With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:
da, puere, ab summo,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,
da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,
Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:
coepere a fame mala,
Liv. 4, 12, 7:
cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,
tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:
a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,
Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.
e.
With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:
a foliis et stercore purgato,
Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:
tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?
Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:
Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,
Liv. 21, 11, 5:
expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,
Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:
haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,
id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):
ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,
Sall. C. 32:
ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,
Liv. 21, 35, 12:
ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,
Cic. Sest. 64, 133.
f.
With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:
el metul a Chryside,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:
ab Hannibale metuens,
Liv. 23, 36; and:
metus a praetore,
id. 23, 15, 7;
v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,
Cic. Sull. 20, 59:
postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,
you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.
g.
With verbs of fastening and holding:
funiculus a puppi religatus,
Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:
cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,
Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.
h.
Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:
a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,
Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.
i.
Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):
id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 22.
j.
Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:
doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:
a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:
a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,
a frigore laborantibus,
Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:
laborare ab re frumentaria,
Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.
k.
Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:
ab ingenio improbus,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:
a me pudica'st,
id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:
orba ab optimatibus contio,
Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):
locus copiosus a frumento,
Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:
sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,
id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:
ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,
id. Brut. 16, 63:
ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,
Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;
so often in poets ab arte=arte,
artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.
l.
In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:
linguam ab irrisu exserentem,
thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:
ab honore,
id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.
m.
Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:
ab illo injuria,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:
fulgor ab auro,
Lucr. 2, 5:
dulces a fontibus undae,
Verg. G. 2, 243.
n.
In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:
scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,
Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:
nonnuill ab novissimis,
id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).
o.
In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:
qui sunt ab ea disciplina,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:
ab eo qui sunt,
id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:
nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,
id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).
p.
To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;
in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,
one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,
a manu servus,
a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).
q.
The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:
a peregre,
Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:
a foris,
Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:
ab intus,
ib. ib. 7, 15:
ab invicem,
App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:
a longe,
Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:
a modo,
ib. ib. 23, 39;
Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,
Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:
a sursum,
ib. Marc. 15, 38.
► a.
Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:
Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,
Cic. Pis. 37, 91:
a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?
id. Sen. 6:
a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?
id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:
res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,
id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—
b.
Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—
c.
It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:
a vitae periculo,
Cic. Brut. 91, 313:
a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,
id. Arch. 6, 12:
a minus bono,
Sall. C. 2, 6:
a satis miti principio,
Liv. 1, 6, 4:
damnis dives ab ipsa suis,
Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—
d.
The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):
aque Chao,
Verg. G. 4, 347:
aque mero,
Ov. M. 3, 631:
aque viro,
id. H. 6, 156:
aque suis,
id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:
a meque,
Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:
abs teque,
id. Att. 3, 15, 4:
a teque,
id. ib. 8, 11, §
7: a primaque adulescentia,
id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —
e.
A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.
III.
In composition ab,
1.
Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—
2.
It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ab
18 L

L, l, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., the eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet (I and J being counted as one), in form modified from a L, like the Greek, but with the angle downward. In sound it was identical with Gr. lambda, Engl. l. L has, according to Pliny, a threefold power: the slight sound of the second l, when doubled, as in ille, Metellus; a full sound, when it ends words or syllables, or follows a consonant in the same syllable, as in sol, silva, flavus, clarus; and a middle sound in other cases, as in lectus, Prisc. 1, 7, 38 (p. 555 P.). In transcriptions of Greek words in Latin and of Latin words in Greek letters, it always corresponds to L.
II.
In etymology it represents,
1.
Usually an original l; cf. alius, allos; lego, legô; leo, leôn; lavo, louô, etc.—
2.
Sometimes an r, as in lilium, leirion; balbus, barbaros; latrare, Sanscr. ra-, to bark; lateo, Sanscr. rah-, to abandon; luceo, Sanscr. ruc-, etc.; cf. also the endings in australis, corporalis, liberalis, and in stellaris, capillaris, maxillaris.—
3.
Sometimes a d; cf. lacrima, dakruon; levir, Sanscr. dēvar, Gr. daêr; oleo, odor, Gr. ozô, odôda; uligo, udus; adeps, Sanscr lip-, to smear, Gr. aleiphar.
III.
Before l an initial guttural or t is often dropped, as latus for tlatus, lis for stlis, lamentum from clamo; lac, cf. Gr. galakt-; and a preceding c, d, n, r, s, or x is omitted or assimilated, as sella for sedula (sed-la), corolla for coronula (coronla), prelum for prem-lum (from premo), āla = ax-la (axilla); so, libellus for liberulus (liber), alligo for ad-ligo, ullus for unulus. In the nominative of nouns the ending s is not added after l, as in consul, vigil; and l final occurs in Latin only in such words.
IV.
L stands alone,
A.
As a numeral for 50.—
B.
As an abbreviation, usually for Lucius; rarely for libens, locus, or libertus.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > L
19 l

L, l, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., the eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet (I and J being counted as one), in form modified from a L, like the Greek, but with the angle downward. In sound it was identical with Gr. lambda, Engl. l. L has, according to Pliny, a threefold power: the slight sound of the second l, when doubled, as in ille, Metellus; a full sound, when it ends words or syllables, or follows a consonant in the same syllable, as in sol, silva, flavus, clarus; and a middle sound in other cases, as in lectus, Prisc. 1, 7, 38 (p. 555 P.). In transcriptions of Greek words in Latin and of Latin words in Greek letters, it always corresponds to L.
II.
In etymology it represents,
1.
Usually an original l; cf. alius, allos; lego, legô; leo, leôn; lavo, louô, etc.—
2.
Sometimes an r, as in lilium, leirion; balbus, barbaros; latrare, Sanscr. ra-, to bark; lateo, Sanscr. rah-, to abandon; luceo, Sanscr. ruc-, etc.; cf. also the endings in australis, corporalis, liberalis, and in stellaris, capillaris, maxillaris.—
3.
Sometimes a d; cf. lacrima, dakruon; levir, Sanscr. dēvar, Gr. daêr; oleo, odor, Gr. ozô, odôda; uligo, udus; adeps, Sanscr lip-, to smear, Gr. aleiphar.
III.
Before l an initial guttural or t is often dropped, as latus for tlatus, lis for stlis, lamentum from clamo; lac, cf. Gr. galakt-; and a preceding c, d, n, r, s, or x is omitted or assimilated, as sella for sedula (sed-la), corolla for coronula (coronla), prelum for prem-lum (from premo), āla = ax-la (axilla); so, libellus for liberulus (liber), alligo for ad-ligo, ullus for unulus. In the nominative of nouns the ending s is not added after l, as in consul, vigil; and l final occurs in Latin only in such words.
IV.
L stands alone,
A.
As a numeral for 50.—
B.
As an abbreviation, usually for Lucius; rarely for libens, locus, or libertus.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > l
20 O

1.
O, o, the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the Gr. o and ô. The Latin language possessed both the sound and the sign from the earliest times; whereas the Etruscan language never possessed the o, and the Umbrian seems not to have received it as an alphabetical character till a later period. The oldest monuments of the Latin tongue frequently employ o where the classic language has u. So on the Column. Rostr. MACESTRATOS ( acc. plur.), EXFOCIONT, CONSOL, PRIMOS ( nom. sing.), CAPTOM; in the epitaphs of the Scipios, HONC OINO, COSENTIONT, DVONORO OPTVMO VIRO (bonorum optumum virum); in the S. C. de Bacch. IN OQVOLTOD al. And even in the later inscrr. and MSS., we sometimes find o for u:
POPLICO, POPOLVM, TABOLEIS, in the Tab. Bantina: FACIONDAM DEDERONT,
Inscr. Orell. 1585:
MONDO, HOC TOMOLO,
ib. 4858:
fondus, fornacatibus, solitodo, etc., in good MSS. (v. Freund,
Cic. Mil. p. 18). And, on the contrary, u for o in the old forms, fruns, funtes, for frons, fontes, v. h. vv.: RVBVSTIS for robustis, in the Cenot. Pisan.; v. Inscr. Orell. 642:
NVMENCLATOR,
Inscr. Grut. 630, 5:
CONSVBRINVS,
ib. 1107, 1:
SACERDVS,
ib. 34, 5:
VNV LOCV,
ib. 840, 1. O appears in class. Lat. particularly in connection with qu and v: quom, avos. This interchange of o and u seems to have been effected rather by dialectical and local than by organic and historical causes; just as in the modern Italian dialects a preference is shown on the one hand for o and on the other for u, and in one and the same dialect the Latin o has passed over into u and the u into o. —On the commutation of o and e, see the letter E.—We have o for au in Clodius, plodo, plostrum, sodes, etc. (also in polulum for paululum, Cato, R. R. 10, 2).— O inserted in the archaic forms:
Patricoles, Hercoles, v. Ritschl ap. Rhein. Mus. 8, p. 475 sq., and 9, p. 480. As an abbreviation, O. stands for omnis and optimus: I. O. M., Jovi Optimo Maximo: O. E. B. Q. C., ossa ejus bene quiescant condita,
Inscr. Orell. 4489; cf.:
O. I. B. Q., ossa illius bene quiescant,
ib. 4483; 4490:
O. N. F., omnium nomine faciundae,
ib. 4415:
O. T. B. Q., ossa tua bene quiescant: O. V., optimo viro,
ib. 4135;
also: optimi viri,
ib. 5037.
2.
ō (long also before an initial vowel:
o ego,
Ov. M. 8, 51; Hor. A. P. 301;
but also short: ŏ Alexi,
Verg. E. 2, 65), interj. The commonest exclamation of joy, astonishment, [p. 1232] desire, grief, indignation, etc.; O! Oh! constr. usually with voc. or acc.; less freq. with nom., gen., utinam, si.
1.
With voc.: o Romule, Romule die, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 Vahl. (Ann. v. 115 Vahl.): o Tite, tute Tuti, id. ap. Prisc. p. 947 P. (Ann. v. 113 Vahl.); cf.: o Tite, si quid te adjuero, id. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 339 Vahl.):
o mi Furni!
Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2:
o paterni generis oblite,
id. Pis. 26, 62.—
2.
With acc.:
o faciem pulchram... o infortunatum senem,
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 5 and 7:
o miseras hominum mentes,
Lucr. 2, 14:
o me perditum, o me afflictum!
Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 3:
o hominem nequam!
id. Att. 4, 13, 2:
o praeclarum custodem ovium, ut aiunt, lupum!
id. Phil. 3, 11, 27:
o rem totam odiosam,
id. Att. 6, 4, 1:
o Bruti amanter seriptas, litteras,
id. ib. 15, 10.—
3.
With nom. (rare): o pietas animi, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 88 (Ann. v. 8 Vahl.): o Patricoles, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38 (Trag. v. 14 Vahl.):
o vir fortis atque amicus!
Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 10:
o ego ter felix,
Ov. M. 8, 51; so,
o ego,
Hor. A. P. 301:
o multum miseri,
Ov. M. 4, 155:
o qualis facies!
Juv. 10, 157.—
4.
With utinam:
o utinam Obrutus esset!
Ov. H. 1, 5; id. M. 1, 363 al.—
5.
With si: quamquam, o si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset! yet oh! if, etc., Verg. A. 11, 415.—
6.
With gen.:
o nuntii beati,
Cat. 9, 5.—By poets also placed after a word:
o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrūm,
Verg. A. 2, 281:
quid o tua fulmina cessant!
Ov. M. 2, 279.—Three times repeated: o pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 (Ann. v. 117 Vahl.); cf.: o pater, o patria, o Priami domus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 118 Vahl.):
o soror, o conjux, o femina sola superstes,
Ov. M. 1, 351.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > O

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